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Electrostatics:
In physics, electrostatics deals with the phenomena and properties of stationary or slow-moving charges. It is known as static electricity.
Applications of Electrostatics:
- A photocopier is mainly based on principles of electrostatics.
- Laser Printers, Ink-jet Printers & electrostatics air filters work on the principles of electrostatics.
- Electric capacitors or condensers work on the principles of electrostatics.
- Van de Graff generator work on the principles of electrostatics (The Van De Graff Generator is basically an electrostatic machine that can generate high voltages)
- Spray painting & powdered coatings are done with the principles of electrostatics.
- Sensitive instruments are protected from external electric fields with the help of electrostatic shielding.
- Atomic structure can be explained.
- Pollution can be controlled.
Electric charge:
- Electric charge is a physical quantity which causes electric force in matter.
- The electric charges at rest are known as static charges.
- Charge is scalar quantity.
- SI unit of charge is coulomb(C).
- Dimensional formula is [AT].
Ø Polarity of charge: The plus or minus sign given to the charge to differentiate two types of charges is known as polarity of a charge.
Ø Neutral Object: Object having no net charge.
Ø There are two types of charges. +ve and –ve.
§ Similar charges repel each other
§ Opposite charges attract each other
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Basic Properties of Charge:
1. 1. Additive Nature: Total charge on an external body is the algebraic sum of charges in different regions of the body.
2. 2. Conservation of charge: The net electric charge (i.e. algebraic sum of +ve & -ve charge) in an isolated system remains constant. In other words Charge can neither be created nor be destroyed.
Examples: A glass rod rubbed with silk gets positive charge, whereas silk is negative charge.
Uranium Decay:
92U238--------------->90Th234 + 2He4
Number of elementary charge before decay (=92)=Number of elementary charge after decay(=90+2).
3. 3. Quantization of charge: Existence of charges in discrete (distinct). Electric charge is not a continuous quantity, but is an integral multiple of minimum charge (e).
Q=±ne
Q=Total charge, n=1,2,3,4,........
e=elementary charge=1.6×10-19C
Notes:
1 A Coulomb of charge contains around 6 × 1018 electrons. Particles don’t have a high magnitude of charge and we use micro coulombs or milli coulombs in order to express charge of a particle.
1 μC = 10-6 C
1 mC = 10-3 C
The principle of quantization can be used to calculate the total amount of charge present in a body and also to calculate a number of electrons or protons in a body.
4. 4. Invariance of charge: Magnitude of charge on a body does not vary, whatever may be the speed of the body.
Charge on a body at rest= Charge on a body in motion
CGS unit of charge:
1. Stat-coulomb or electrostatic unit (e.s.u) of charge.
1 C=3 × 109 stat-coulomb
2. Ab-coulomb or electromagnetic unit (emu) of charge.
1C=1/10 ab-coulomb
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