+2 2nd Yr Science Syllabus:
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Unit- I
1. Electric charges and fields:
Electric charge and its quantization,
conservation of charge, Coulomb’s law, force between two point charges, force
between multiple charges, superposition principle, Continuous change distribution.
Electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines, electric field due
to a dipole at any point, torque on a dipole in uniform electric field.
Electric flux, Gauss’s theorem (statement only) and its applications to find
field due to uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, infinitely long straight
wire and uniformly charged thin spherical shell (field inside and outside).
2. Electrostatic potential and
capacitance:
Electric potential, potential difference, electric potential due to a point charge, potential due to a dipole, potential due to a system of charges. Equipotential surfaces, electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field. Conductors, insulators, free charges and bound charges inside a conductor, Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitance, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel energy sorted in a capacitor.
Unit- II Current Electricity:
Electric current, drift velocity, mobility and
their relation with electric current, Ohm’s law, electrical resistance,
conductance, resistivity, conductivity, effect of temperature on resistance, v I characteristics (linear and
non-linear), electrical energy and power, carbon resistors, colour code of
carbon resistors, combinations of resistors in series and parallel. EMF and
potential difference, internal resistance of a cell, combination of cells in
series and parallel, Kirchhoff’s laws and simple applications. Wheatstone
bridge and meter bridge. Potentiometer Principle and its applications to
measure potential difference and for comparing EMF of two cells, measurement of
internal resistance of a cell.
Unit-III Magnetic effect of Current and magnetism:
1. Moving charges and magnetism:
Concept of magnetic field, Oensted’s experiment, Biot-Savart law and its application to find magnetic field on the axis and at the centre of a current carrying circular loop, Ampere’s law and its application to infinitely long straight wire. Straight and toroidal solenoid (qualitative treatment only); Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields, Cyclotron. Force on a current carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field, force between two parallel current carrying conductors- definition of ampere, torque experienced by a current loop in uniform magnetic field, moving coil galvanometer- its current sensitivity and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.
2. Magnetism and matter :
Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its
magnetic dipole moment, magnetic dipole moment of a revolving electron,
magnetic field intensity due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis
and perpendicular to its axis, torque on a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) in a
uniform magnetic field, bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid, magnetic field
lines, earth’s magnetic field and magnetic elements. Para-, dia- and ferro-
magnetic substances with examples, Electromagnets and factors affecting their
strengths, permanent magnets.
1. Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’ laws of
electromagnetic induction, induced EMF and current, Lenz’s law, Eddy currents,
self and mutual induction. 2. Alternating Current: Alternating currents, peak
and RMS value of alternating current / voltage, reactance and impedance, LC
oscillation (qualitative idea only), LCR series circuit, resonance, power in AC
circuits, wattles current, A.C. generator and transformer.
Unit-V Electromagnetic waves:
Basic idea of displacement current, qualitative idea about characteristics of electromagnetic waves, their transverse nature. Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, Ultra violet, X-ray and gamma rays), including elementary ideas about their uses.
1. Ray optics
and optical instruments:
Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, mirror formula, lateral and longitudinal magnification, refraction of light, refractive index, its relation with velocity of light (formula only) total internal reflection and its applications, optical fibre, Refraction at spherical surfaces, thin lens formula, lens makers formula, magnification, power of lenses, combination of two thin lenses in contact, combination of a lens and a mirror, refraction and dispersion of light through prism; Scattering of light: blue colour of sky and reddish appearance of sun at sunset and sunrise. Optical instruments: microscopes and telescopes (reflecting and refracting) and their magnifying powers.
2. Waves Optics :
Wave front, Huygens’s principle, reflection and
refraction of plane wave at a plane surface using wave fronts, proof of laws of
reflection and refraction using Huygens’s principle. Interference, Young’s
double slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources,
sustained interference of light, diffraction due to a single slit, width of a
central maximum, resolving power of microscope and astronomical telescope (qualitative
idea), polarization, plane polarized light, Brewster’s law, uses of plane
polarized light and polaroid.
Dual nature of radiation, Photoelectric effect, Hertz and Lenard’s observations, Einstein’s photoelectric equation, particle nature of light. Matter waves- wave nature of particles, de-Broglie relation, Davisson- Germer experiment, (only conclusions should be explained).
1. Atoms: Alpha- particle scattering experiment,
Rutherford’s model of atom, its limitations, Bohr model, energy levels,
hydrogen spectrum. 2. Nuclei: Atomic nucleus, its composition, size, nuclear
mass, nature of nuclear force, mass defect, binding energy per nucleon and its
variation with mass number, nuclear fission, fusion, Radioactivity, alpha, beta
and gamma particles/ rays and their properties, radioactive decay law,
half-life and decay constant.
Energy bands in conductors, semiconductors and insulators (qualitative idea only), p-type, n type semiconductors, semiconductor diode, V-I characteristics in forward and reverse bias, diode as a half and full wave rectifier (center tap), efficiency (no derivation). Special purpose p-n junction diodes: LED, photodiode, solar cell and Zener diode and their characteristics, Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Junction transistor, transistor action, Characteristics of transistor, transistor as an amplifier (CE configuration), basic idea of analog and digital signals, Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR).
Elements of a communication system (block diagram
only), bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data), bandwidth of
transmission medium, propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere,
sky and space wave propagation, satellite communication, Need for-modulation,
qualitative idea about amplitude modulation and frequency modulation,
advantages of frequency modulation over amplitude modulation, basic idea about
internet, mobile telephony and global positioning system (GPS).
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