· INTEGRATED CIRCUITS:
Every electronic appliance we use in our
day-to-day life, such as mobile phones, laptops, refrigerators, computers,
televisions, and all other electrical and electronic devices are manufactured
with some simple or complex circuits.
· Integrated circuits (ICs) are a keystone of
modern electronics. They are the heart and brains of most circuits.
· An IC is a collection of electronic
components resistors, transistors, capacitors etc. all stuffed into a tiny chip, and
connected together to achieve a common goal. They come in all sorts of flavours:
single-circuit logic gates, op amps, 555 timers, voltage regulators, motor
controllers, microcontrollers, microprocessors.
· The circuits can be classified into different
types based on different criteria, such as, based on connections: series
circuits and parallel circuits; based on the size and manufacturing process of
the circuit: integrated circuits and discrete circuits; and, based on signal
used in the circuit: analog circuits and digital circuits.
· Integrated circuit or IC or microchip or chip
is a microscopic electronic circuit array formed by the fabrication of
various electrical and electronic components (resistors, capacitors,
transistors, and so on) on a semiconductor materials (silicon) wafer, which can perform
operations similar to the large discrete electronic circuits made of discrete
electronic components.
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Join Telegram: quantaphysics.com Subscribe Youtube: BS quantaphysics NOTES:For online classes & notes, Contact: quantaphysics3@gmail.com Join Telegram: quantaphysics.com Subscribe Youtube: BS quantaphysics Discrete Circuits:It is called a discrete
circuit when basic electronic components are connected through a wire or
soldered on a printed circuit board (PCB). We can disconnect or replace
any component as and when required. Discrete circuits can be designed to use in
low voltage or high voltage, it depends on the acceptability and compatibility
of components. Nowadays, most of electronics devices are mixture of discrete
component and integrated circuit. Discrete components can be classified as:
a) Active Components:
·
An electric circuit element which can supply electric
power to the circuit or power gain in the circuit, is known as an active
element or active component.
·
Some common examples of active circuit elements are
energy sources (voltage sources or current sources), generators or alternators,
semiconductor devices such as transistors, photodiodes, LEDs, temperature
sensors etc.
·
The active elements are the circuit component which
are entirely responsible for the flow of electric current in the circuit.
b) Passive Components:
·
The circuit element which can only absorb electrical
energy and dissipates it in the form of heat or stores in either magnetic field
or electric field is known as passive circuit
component or simply passive component.
·
Therefore, a passive component cannot provide
electric power or power amplification in an electric circuit
· Some common examples of passive circuit components are resistor, inductor, capacitor and transformer, switches etc.
|
Basis of Difference |
Active Component |
Passive Component |
|
Definition |
A circuit component which can deliver power or power
gain in an electric circuit for infinite duration of time is known as active component. |
A circuit element which only absorbs the power and
convert it in heat or stores in electric field or magnetic field is known as
passive component. |
|
Examples |
The common examples of active components are energy
sources (voltage or current source), generators, semiconductor devices like
transistors, solar cells, SCR, etc. |
The examples of passive components are resistor,
inductor, capacitor and transformer, etc. |
|
Role in the circuit |
Active components behave as source of power in the
circuit. |
The passive components act as load in the circuit. |
|
Power gain |
Active components can provide power gain in the
electric circuit. |
Passive components cannot provide power gain. |
|
Function |
Active components receive energy in the forms such
as thermal energy, chemical energy, hydraulic energy, etc. and delivers in
the circuit in the form of electrical energy. |
Passive components receive electrical energy and
either convert it in the other forms such as heat, light, rotation, etc. or
store in the magnetic field or electric field. |
|
Control of current flow |
Active components cause current flow in the circuit
and control the flow of current. |
The passive components cannot control the current
flow in the circuit. |
|
Slope of VI graph |
The slope of VI characteristics curve (i.e. ratio of
voltage to the current) of an active element is negative. |
The slope of VI characteristics curve (i.e. the
ratio of voltage to current) of a passive component is positive at all the
points. |
|
Quadrant of graph |
For an active element, the VI curve lies in the 2nd and
4th quadrant. |
The VI curve of the passive elements lies in the 1st and
3rd quadrant. |
|
Power deliver or absorb |
Active components can deliver as well as absorb the
electrical power. For example, a battery, during charging absorbs electrical
energy and during discharging delivers electrical energy. |
A passive element can only absorb electrical power.
It is not capable for deliver power. |
|
Need of external power source to function |
Some active components require an external power
source to function. For example, the active components like transistors and
SCR use electrical energy to function, i.e., to control the power in the
circuit. |
Passive components do not require any external power
source to function. The passive components such as resistor, inductor,
capacitor, etc. do not require any source of electricity to function, they
use some other property to control the power in the circuit. |
|
Amplification |
Active components have power gain more than unity,
so they can amplify a signal. |
For passive components, the power gain is less than
unity, hence they cannot amplify a signal. |
There are different types of
ICs; classification of Integrated Circuits is done based on various criteria.
Based on the intended application, the IC
is classified as analog integrated circuits, digital integrated circuits, and
mixed integrated circuits.
a)
Digital Integrated Circuits
·
The
integrated circuits that operate only at a few defined levels instead of operating
overall levels of signal amplitude are called Digital ICs and these are
designed by using multiple numbers of digital logic gates, multiplexers, flip flops, and other
electronic components of circuits. These logic gates work with binary input
data or digital input data, such as 0 (low or false or logic 0) and 1 (high or
true or logic 1).
·
These
digital ICs are frequently used in computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors, computer
networks, and frequency counters.
·
There
are different types of digital ICs or types of digital integrated circuits,
such as programmable ICs, memory chips, logic ICs, power management ICs and
interface ICs.
b)
Analog Integrated Circuits
·
The
integrated circuits that operate over a continuous range of signals are called
Analog ICs. These are subdivided into linear Integrated Circuits (Linear ICs)
and Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits (RF ICs). In fact,
the relationship between the voltage and current may be nonlinear in some cases
over a long range of the continuous analog signal.
·
The
frequently used analog IC is an operational amplifier or simply called an
op-amp, similar to the differential amplifier, but possesses a very high
voltage gain. It consists of a very less number of transistors compared to the
digital ICs
·
Linear
Integrated Circuits: In
an analog integrated circuit, if a linear relation among its voltage as well as
current exists then it is known as linear IC. The best example of this linear
IC is.741 IC, is an 8-pin DIP (Dual In-line Package) op-amp.
·
Radio
Frequency Integrated Circuits:
In analog IC, if a non-linear relation among its voltage & current exists
then it is called radiofrequency ICs. This kind of IC is also known as a radio
frequency integrated circuit.
c)
Mixed Integrated Circuits:
·
The
integrated circuits that are obtained by the combination of analog and digital
ICs on a single chip are called Mixed ICs. These ICs functions as Digital to
Analog converters, Analog to Digital
converters (D/A
and A/D converters), and clock/timing ICs.
·
This
mixed-signal Systems-on-a-chip is a result of advances in the integration
technology, which enabled to the integration of digital, multiple analogs, and
RF functions on a single chip.
General types of integrated circuits (ICs)
include the following:
a.
Logic Circuits: These ICs are
designed using logic gates-that work with binary input and output (0 or 1).
These are mostly used as decision-makers.
b.
Comparators: The
comparator ICs are used as comparators for comparing the inputs and then to
produce an output based on the ICs’ comparison.
c.
Switching ICs: Switches
or Switching ICs are designed by using the transistors and are used for
performing the switching operations.
d.
Audio Amplifiers: The audio amplifiers are one of the many types of ICs, which
are used for the amplification of the audio. These are generally used in audio
speakers, television circuits, and so on.
e.
CMOS Integrated Circuit: CMOS
integrated circuits are extremely used in different applications as compared
with FETs because of their capabilities like lower threshold voltage, low-power
consumption. A CMOS IC includes P-MOS & N-MOS devices which are fabricated
jointly on a similar chip.
f.
Voltage Regulator ICs: This
kind of integrated circuit provides a stable DC output despite the changes
within DC input. The commonly used type regulators are LM309, uA723, LM105
& 78XX ICs.
g.
Operational Amplifiers: The operational amplifiers are frequently used ICs, similar to the
audio amplifiers which are used for the audio amplification. These op-amps are
used for amplification purposes, and these ICs work similarly to the transistors amplifier circuits.
h.
Timer ICs: Timers are special-purpose integrated circuits
used for the purpose of counting and to keep a track of time in intended applications.
WAFER CHIP:
·
A wafer is a piece of silicon (one of the most
abundant semiconductors available worldwide) or
other semiconductor material, designed in the form of a very thin disc. Wafers
are used to create electronic integrated circuits (ICs) and silicon-based
photovoltaic cells.
·
In these designs, the wafer serves as the substrate.
Engineers use processes such as doping, implantation and etching to complete
the build of the integrated circuit.
·
A chip– is an integrated circuit that has hundreds of
millions of transistors on the small form factor chip of which size depends on
the type of integrated circuit.
·
A wafer is a thin slice of material usually in a
round shape with a mirror-like finish surface for semiconductor device
fabrication.
·
Silicon is the essential component in the
manufacturing of these semiconductor devices which makes a part of the bigger
electronic circuit.
Advantages of ICs:
·
The entire physical size of IC is extremely small than
that of discrete circuit.
·
The weight of an IC is very less as compared entire
discrete circuits.
·
It’s more reliable.
·
Because of their smaller size it has lower power
consumption.
·
It can easily replace but it can hardly repair, in
case of failure.
·
Because of an absence of parasitic and capacitance
effect it has increased operating speed.
·
Temperature differences between components of a
circuit are small.
·
It has suitable for small signal operation.
·
The reduction in power consumption is achieved due to
extremely small size of IC.
Disadvantages of ICs:
·
Coils or indicators cannot be fabricated.
·
It can be handling only limited amount of power.
·
High grade P-N-P assembly is not possible.
·
It is difficult to be achieved low temperature coefficient.
·
The power dissipation is limited to 10 watts.
·
Low noise and high voltage operation are not easily obtained.
· Inductors and transformers are needed connecting to exterior to the
semiconductor chip as it is not possible to fabricate inductor and transformers
on the semiconductor chip surface.
·
Inductors cannot be fabricated directly.
·
Low noise and high voltage operation are not easily obtained.
Scale Of Integration:
·
SSI – Small Scale Integration consists of only a few transistors (tens of transistors on a
chip), these ICs played a critical role in early aerospace projects.
·
MSI-Medium
Scale Integration consists
of some hundreds of transistors on the IC chip developed in the 1960s and
achieved better economy and advantages compared to the SSI ICs.
·
LSI-Large-scale
Integration consists
of thousands of transistors on the chip with almost the same economy as medium-scale
integration ICs.
·
VLSI-Very
Large-Scale Integration consists
of transistors from 100 to 10,000 in number.
·
SLSI-
Very Large-scale Integration consists
of transistors from 10,000 to 100,000 in numbers.
·
ULSI-
Ultra Large-Scale Integration consists
of more than 1 million transistors.
Classification of Integrated Circuits based on
Classes:
Integrated circuits
are available in three classes based on the techniques used while manufacturing
them.
- Thin and thick film ICs
- Monolithic ICs
- Hybrid or multichip ICs
·
In
these types of integrated circuits, passive components like capacitors and
resistors are used however the transistors and diodes are connected like
separate components to design a circuit.
·
By
changing the thickness of films on the materials will have different
resistivity and manufacturing of passive electronic components can be done.
Monolithic ICs:
·
In
this kind of integrated circuits, the interconnections of the active, the
passive, and discrete components on a silicon chip can be formed. As the name
suggests, it is derived from the Greek word like mono is nothing but single
whereas Lithos means stone.
·
The
ICs which are manufactured commercially are used like voltage regulators, amplifiers,
computer circuits, and AM receivers. However, the insulation among the
monolithic IC components is poor but is also have less power rating.
Hybrid or Multi-Chip
ICs:
·
As
the name suggests, multi means above one individual chip which is interconnected.
The active components like diodes or diffused transistors include these ICs
whereas the passive components are the diffused capacitors or resistors on a
single chip.
|
Integrated Circuits |
Discrete
Circuits |
|
Chip level design |
Board level design |
|
All in single chip |
All are separate
discrete components |
|
Requires less space
due to smaller size |
Requires more space |
|
Cheaper due to mass
manufacture |
Costlier due to
individual components |
|
More reliable due to
specific construction |
Less reliable |
|
Impossible to modify
parameters |
Possible to modify
parameters |
|
Manufactured for
specific applications having specific circuits |
Can be used for any
circuit |
|
If any part of the
IC is defective, the entire IC has to be replaced |
Only particular
defective component requires replacement |
|
Linear ICs |
Digital ICs |
|
Linear ICs (Linear
Integrated Circuits) are called as analog IC. |
Digital ICs (Digital
Integrated Circuits) are also called as nonlinear IC. |
|
Linear integrated
circuits inputs and outputs can take on a continuous range of values and the
outputs are generally proportional to the inputs. |
Digitals ICs contain
circuits whose inputs and outputs voltage are limited to two possible levels
low or high. |
|
It is used in
aircraft, space, vehicles, radars, PLL, Oscilloscopes etc. |
It is used in
microprocessor, computers, clocks, digital watches, calculator etc. |
|
The design
requirements are more drastic as compared to digital ICs. |
The design
requirement as less drastic as compare to linear ICs. |
|
It is commercially
available as operational amplifiers, voltage multipliers, voltage comparator,
regulators, microwave amplifiers Etc. |
Its commercially
available as microprocessor chips, memory chips, analog to digital chips,
digitals to analog chips, logic gates, flip flops, counters, registers etc. |
|
It consists of a
very smaller number of transistors as compared to digital ICs. |
It consists of a
greater number of transistors as compared to linear ICs. |
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